Marketing Management and Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Management and Strategy - Case Study Example The five factors include: The Fulham Football Club has been a well known club since the last decade or so. The club came in the limelight when it was bought by an Egyptian businessman Mohammad Al-Fayed in 1997. The millionaire owner of the club gave Fulham FC a new identity in the world of football, following its acquisition the club went on to secure a place in the Premier League Division 1 (Fulhamfc.com). The club has been facing intense rivalry and competition since its promotion into the Division1 of the Premier League. Fulham FC’s microenvironment can be analyzed with the use of Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. The threat of having potential entrants in the football industry for Fulham FC seems to be minimal. The initial investment to launch a football club acts as a possible barrier for new entrant to enter into the football industry. The initial costs of launching a football club are very high and there is a very low chance that a football club may emerge and directly affect the business of Fulham FC. The other barrier of entry is the Premiership structure the division style. No new club can enter directly into the division 1 of the English Premier League. A new club entering into the football industry would have to start from scratch i.e. by playing well and getting promoted through the different divisions till its reaches the Division 1 of the Premier League to challenge the business of Fulham FC. The only threat of new entrant can be from low division clubs such as Brentford FC, QPR, etc. If any of these teams gets promoted into Division 1 of the Premier League, they can affect the bu siness of Fulham FC because of the intense rivalry between the clubs. This intense rivalry can lead to a shift of supporters from Fulham FC to any of the other newly promoted clubs if they were to play better football than Fulham FC. The customers of Fulham FC are

Shannon made a large impact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shannon made a large impact - Assignment Example As mentioned earlier, Shannon’s paper ‘Cryptography: A Mathematical Theory’ was meant for use by a limited number of people. This classification was due because the theory as proposed by Shannon could be used by opposing forces to decode encrypted messages both from the American troops during wartime. Furthermore, it was essential to keep the content of the paper confidential to protect the technology from access by unauthorized people both within the country and in other countries, especially the Germans (Shannon, p 4). The importance of ensuring secrecy remains evident in his writings, where he focused on exploring the possibility of realizing perfect secrecy. ‘It is shown that perfect secrecy is possible but requires, if the number of messages is finite, the same number of possible keys†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Shannon, p. 5). Later, Shannon would ensure that the enemy could not decode encrypted information between the British Prime Minister and the US President at the

The Importance of Regular Asthma Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Importance of Regular Asthma Review - Essay Example The extent of the narrow. Asthma has a significant impact on children's health; nationally 5% of GP consultations for Children relate to asthma. Evidence suggests that the long-term future for children with .Persistent uncontrolled asthma is relatively poor, with most continuing to experience .Symptoms into adulthood, and that prevention, early intervention and effective long-term .Every year if your symptoms are well controlled or more often if your symptoms are difficult to control. Within 48 hours of a serious asthma attack to make sure your symptoms are better controlled. You also need another review one to two weeks after a serious attack to make sure your symptoms are back under control. Blood pressure: Both high and low pressure has affected our health badly. High blood pressure can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Having a yearly blood pressure test will provide your health care professional with a baseline level to compare during subsequent visits. Once you are detected of not having the normal blood pressure it is better to check up on a regular basis. Cholesterol level: Every adult should have the cholesterol level checked occasionally. A high blood cholesterol level is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease. If it is high more specific tests like HDL and LDL cholesterol levels can be done. With increasing age, the risk decreases and is usually not recommended for veryelderly patients. Chest X-ray: X-rays can be done to detect lung abnormalities (tuberculosis, emphysema or lung cancer) early enough to initiate a successful treatment plan. Prostate checks are suggested in men from about fifty years of age onwards. The doctor can check the size and texture of the gland by a rectal examination every year or so. It is a good opportunity to discuss whether there are any urinary stream difficulties. Any problems with urinary flow require a full assessment, sometimes requiring referral to a urologist. A prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test may also be recommended; this test may help to detect an early cancer of the prostate. During a general check-up, men can also be instructed on how to examine their testicles for lumps. Pap smearsare recommended in all women who have had intercourse. They should be done every two years up to the age of at least 70 years. Unfortunately, there is a large group of middle-aged women who are not having regular Pap smears. This is a great worry because these women are at risk of developing cancer of the cervix. Younger women do seem more tuned-in to the importance of regular smears. Breast examination can also be discussed and mammograms arranged if required. Asthma needs to be monitored continually to determine the minimum level of medication that offers effective symptom control. Once the symptoms are under control, regular assessment and monitoring are needed to

Understanding Marketing Activities Essay Example for Free

Understanding Marketing Activities Essay Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre at Drummoyne, is the only place in Sydney where you can shop whilst enjoying the spectacular views of Sydney Harbour and browse through a huge range of your favorite fashion, food and lifestyle brands. Birkenhead Point is Sydney’s original factory outlet centre, a site rich with heritage: the development of Birkenhead Point can be dated back to the early 1800’s. More recently, Birkenhead Point is renowned for offering top designer labels at up to 70% off regular retail prices. Direct Factory Outlet (DFO) : is the name for a economy group of discount shopping centres in Australia. They are large-floor warehouse buildings containing partitioned stores where retail outlets sell excess or previous seasons stocks at reduced prices. Introduction of Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre: Birkenhead is an awesome place to go shopping on a sunny day. You know those days which are just too gorgeous to spend inside a concrete box, but you just have to go shopping for something? Well Birkenhead is the place. Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre at Drummoyne, is the only place in Sydney where you can shop whilst enjoying the spectacular views of Sydney Harbour and browse through a huge range of your favorite fashion, food and lifestyle brands. Birkenhead Point is Sydneys original factory outlet centre, a site rich with heritage; the development of Birkenhead Point can be dated back to the early 1800s. More recently, Birkenhead Point is renowned for offering top designer labels at up to 70% off regular retail prices. Increasingly expanded, Birkenhead has a great range of clothes and general goods stores. Marketing Activities undertaken by â€Å"Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre† These projects will complement the ground floor works that were completed in late 2012 with expanded walkways, increased store sizes, easier mall access, and integrated connectivity for ease of navigation around the centre, new bathrooms, new flooring, along with a host of new tenants opening their doors. These improvements created new interest with local shoppers returning to Birkenhead Point for their everyday shopping needs and personal services. With over 120 retailers on board and an increasing range of new dining options the new initiative at Birkenhead Point is raising the bar for outlet centre retailing, said Gerard McSpadden, National Asset Manager from Abacus Property Group. â€Å"Birkenhead Point is really paving the way forward with the third stage of redevelopment, exceeding the expectations of the modern day shopping experience,† continued Gerard. Promotional Activities of Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre Birkenhead shopping and leisure centre with new and deterring potential criminal activity. The bus station was . need to be clearly defined, namely: A developing interchange is a promotional .. †¢ Expanding and modernising the overall ambience of the existing food court balcony and marina promenade making way for a new waterfront restaurant and bar and improved food court dining facilities; †¢ The addition of a new major supermarket on the Marina Promenade level with new travelators to connect to this store from the Ground Floor; †¢ Increased open space and overall enhancements within the Endeavour Mall fashion precinct along with improved connectivity and access between level one and level two via dual pedestrian ramps; †¢ New sets of travelators from the ground floor entrance from the Coles car park which will connect to the mezzanine level car park above. Now at over 28,000m2 the redevelopment has also improved shoppers’ experience while visiting the c entre through increasing the amount of natural light and enhancing the sense of ‘space’. This clearly breaks away from the traditional retail setting seen in other centres which can be enclosed and dark. Marketing Concept does practice? The marketing concept relies upon marketing research to define market segments, their size, and their needs. To satisfy those needs, the marketing team makes decisions about the controllable parameters of the marketing mix. The concept of marketing has evolved over the time. 1. Production concept : this concept suggest to do mass production, in order to make the product cheap and easily available in the market. Base of this concept is that if the product is cheap and easily available then people will buy it. Potential competitors: In the area of Sydney, that is the place where you can find those top designer labels and signature clothing shops . Many of the top designer labels have been reduced up to 70% less than the regular retail price, so you’ll be sure to grab a bargain. There are plenty of high end labels here, including Alannah Hill, Witchery, Hugo Boss Factory Store and Mimco. As the Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre sells the designer and signature clothes as low as 70% percent that is why most of the consumers prefer to buy there because it is more cheaper. Does the factory outlet plays an important role in goods and retailing: Yes, I agree Some of the key features of the site that are worth noting include an easy-to navigate-store finder for the convenience of shoppers, and a store directory which allows patrons to easily find their favorite stores through types of category and a store map. This shows exactly where a particular store is located in the mall. And the VIP section gives users a sneak preview of some of the latest discounts that they can benefit from right through the mall. It also gives customers the opportunity to sign up to the email file in order to received special member-only discounts. To what extent does the factory outlet can pose a threat to conventional retailers? Nowadays, all the factory has been putting their lowest price to discount all the clothes they sell so that the consumers will buy it. It will be a big threat for those who franchise a store in their business with their regular price because instead of buying a regular price on the store,the consumer will find a factory sale choose the factory selling more discount instead at the conventional store who sells their regulars prices because it is more cheaper and more stocks. The advantages and disadvantages of selling a wide range of products in one shop against a shop selling only one line product? Businesses uses a range of different means to get their product/service to the customer. Obviously, it is important that you choose a means of distribution that is right for your market while at the same time being aware of alternatives that might gain you access to further markets.

Trade openness and its impact on economic growth

Trade openness and its impact on economic growth The main objective of this chapter is to have an overview of what has been said in the literature regarding trade openness and its impacts, mainly on growth and exposure to external shocks. Infact, the benefits and costs of increased integration remain the subject of a hotly contested debate. Section 2.1 provides an overview of the theoretical perspective of different authors. Section 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 elaborate on the impact of trade on growth and exposure to external shocks respectively. Finally, section 2.2 reviews the empirical literature. 2.1 Theoretical review 2.1.1 Trade and Growth The net effect of trade openness on economic growth has been and remains a subject of much controversy. It is well known that periods of openness have generally been associated with prosperity while protectionism has been the companion of recessions. World international trade has experienced exponential growth over the past two decades. L. Fontagnà © and M. Mimouni (2000) have stated that since the end of the European recovery after World War II, tariff rates have been divided by 10 at the world level, international trade has been multiplied by 17, world income has quadrupled, and income per capita has doubled (p. 2). An economys openness is said to be one of the key determinants of its growth, along with human capital, the investment ratio and the rate of population growth (The Deutsch Bank Research, 2005). Countries that have successfully indulged in international trade, opened themselves to foreign direct investment and attracted foreign workers experienced much higher economic growth than countries that have failed to become integrated into the global economy. Explanations brought forward by The Deutsch Bank Research (2005) on how increased trade boosts growth are drawn from the neoclassical trade model, the technological transfer argument and the institutional improvements argument. In order to explain the neoclassical model of international trade, one should go back to Adam Smith (1776) and David Ricardo (1817). They showed that two countries with absolute and comparative cost advantages can benefit from trade given that each country specialises in producing the good that it can manufacture at a relatively lower cost. The total number of manufactured goods that both countries can consume thus increases and higher welfare follows. However, it is to be noted that economic growth is not an immediate consequence. Technology transfer occurs via the importing of high-tech capital goods, production facilities, patents and licences, as well as knowledge-intensive services. Furthermore, the importing of new technologies also stimulates the development of domestic technology via the imitation and enhancement of imported products. So trade accelerates technological progress, which in turn is the key source of long-term economic expansion according to growth theory. The institutional framework also plays a major role. It encompasses improving infrastructure, boosting capital market efficiency and safeguarding property rights. This process is facilitated by increasing international competition, which prompts domestic companies to continually optimise their production processes and develop new products; this also speeds up technological progress and thus boosts economic growth. In the same breath, Grossman and Helpman (1991) established that openness enhances economic growth through the following channels. Firstly, trade enlarges the available variety of intermediate goods and capital equipment, which can expand the productivity of the countrys other resources. Secondly, trade permits developing countries the access to improved technology in developed countries, in the form of embodied capital goods and thirdly, trade allows intensification of capacity utilization that increases products produced and consumed. To Fontagnà © and Guà ©rin (1998), openness is certainly a prerequisite, not the engine of growth. It simply fuels the engines of investment, reform and credibility. The trade performance of individual countries tends to be a good indicator of economic performance as well. Performing countries tend to record higher rates of GDP growth. The majority of developing countries have joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and have taken initiatives aimed at opening their economies. Nevertheless, the outcome has not been systematically positive since export performance sometimes remains disappointing and these countries steadily follow contrasted development paths. Guà ©rin (1999) pointed out that there is no systematic gain in growth associated with the binding to the multilateral rules of international trade. Accordingly, Rodrik (2000) argues that integration into the world economy hardly substitutes for a development strategy. Nonetheless, some developing countries record high growth rates by specialising in niche markets and concentrating their export markets, while other developing countries record more moderate rates of growth with a well diversified array of products and partner countries. In other cases, successful performance is the result of a favorable product or market penetration since the beginning. Successful performance can also be gauged in terms of a countrys ability to adapt its export profile to changing patterns of world demand. The phenomenal differences among the growth rates of the East Asian, the Latin American, and Sub-Saharan African countries over the last several decades have stimulated a renewed interest in the effects of trade policies on growth. During most of the 20th century, import substitution industrialization (ISI) strategies dominated most developing countries development strategies. While developing countries in Latin America that followed ISI strategies experienced relatively lower growth rates, East Asian countries, that employed export-promotion policies, consistently outperformed other countries. This probably explains why a growing body of empirical and theoretical research has shifted towards examining the relationship between trade liberalization and the economic performance of countries since the late 1970s. 2.1.2 Trade and Exposure to External Shocks Trade provides countries with new growth opportunities but also exposes them to external shocks. Many economists believe that, though openness to trade increases average GDP growth rates, it also raises output volatility by exposing countries to terms-of- trade shocks. The term vulnerability is often brought up when referring to exposure to external shocks. Vulnerability refers to inherent characteristics which render countries prone to exogenous shocks Open economies are subject to external shocks and Rodrik (1998) has argued that more open economies have bigger governments, because government spending is used to smoothen those external shocks. The vulnerability of countries to some types of external shocks should be reduced when these countries exports are better diversified. More specifically, the effect of trade openness on growth volatility, might it be either negative or positive on average, is likely to be exacerbated when the country in question exports either a relatively small set of products, or sells its goods to a small number of destination markets. The argument is that a higher degree of concentration in exports would imply that any idiosyncratic price shock experienced is more likely to have a substantial impact on the countrys terms of trade, and this would then induce greater fluctuations in a countrys growth process. Furthermore, a higher degree of diversification would likely imply that a country is involved in a larger number of both implicit and explicit international insurance schemes, which would similarly serve as a cushion against such fluctuations. It has been argued that the structure of developing countries exports makes those countries particularly vulnerable to external shocks. Michaely (1958) showed five decades ago that countries with lower GDP per capita tend to be characterized by a higher commodity concentration of exports and argued that as a result, shocks affecting individual export products can have significant effects on overall export performance and potentially on economic performance in developing countries. However, it is to be noted that many small states manage to generate a relatively high GDP per capita when compared to other developing countries in spite of their high exposure to exogenous economic shocks. This would seem to suggest that there are factors which may offset the disadvantages associated with such vulnerability. This phenomenon was termed by Briguglio (2003) as the Singapore Paradox, referring to the reality that although Singapore is highly exposed to exogenous shocks, this small island state has managed to register high rates of economic growth and to attain high GDP per capita. This reality can be explained in terms of the ability of Singapore to build its resilience in the face of external shocks. Practitioners keep wondering whether being open, or in the process of opening up, can determine long-run negative effects linked to an increased exposure to external shocks or greater stress on certain actors. The open question is the following: does trade openness or the process of opening up magnify the risk exposure of the open economy and/or increase uncertainty towards the future, with negative consequences on its welfare? This question does not have a once-for-all answer. It concerns, in general terms, the issue of the balance between the advantages of trade openness and the drawbacks of a greater exposure to shocks and uncertainty. The simplest analysis of risk suggests that at low levels of trade (as typical in developing economies), further trade liberalisation would tend to reduce risk exposure, because (larger) world markets with many players are likely to be more stable than (smaller) domestic ones (Winters, 2002). The hypothesis of a likely long term negative welfare effect of exposure to external shocks and uncertainty a sort of vulnerability hazard induced by trade openness in developing countries (Montalbano et al., 2006 and 2008; Guillaumont, 2007a, 2007b; UNUWider 2008b) has been supported by a number of considerations: Dercon (2001) underlines the role of openness as a vehicle for an entirely new set of shocks and incentives able to put traditional mechanisms under pressure and hamper people standard management strategies; Calvo and Dercon (2003 and 2007) and Ligon and Schechter (2003 and 2004) highlight how risk averse households will have lower levels of welfare or a lower expected utility if they face greater variation in future consumption, as it is more likely in the case of trade openness; Winters (2002) and Winters et al. (2004) suggest that trade openness could alter households optimal portfolio leading to sub-optimal choices, especially for the poor, because of a poor ability to bear new risks and weak capabilities to insure themselves against adverse impacts or simply because their behaviour can be negatively affected by rising uncertainty. 2.2 Empirical Review Do open economies grow faster than closed economies? Almost all empirical growth studies have provided an affirmative answer to this question. The reason for this strong bias in favor of trade liberalization is partly based on the conclusions of a wide range of empirical studies, which claimed that outward-oriented economies consistently have higher growth rates than inward-oriented countries. It is also partly due to the tragic failures of import-substitution strategies, especially in the 1980s and overstated expectations from trade liberalization. Levine and Renelt (1992) show that trade openness may affect growth through investment. Continuous openness may lead to faster long-run growth since openness allows larger access to investment goods. Trade liberalization provides incentives for foreign direct investment; nevertheless, foreign investment may crowd-out domestic investment. Rodriguez and Rodrik [1999] also emphasize the indefinite sign of the effects of trade on growth. Net effects are positive if the resource allocation driven by trade policy promotes sectors that generate more long-run growth, but are negative otherwise. Economic volatility has been shown to reduce economic growth (Ramey and Ramey, 1995; Martin and Rogers, 2000; Imbs, 2007) and the positive growth impact of trade may therefore be attenuated if it leads to significant exposure to external shocks. Terms of trade volatility is probably the most widely used measure for external shocks. A number of studies have used quantitative, multi-sector equilibrium models to analyse the effect of terms of trade shocks on output volatility. Kose (2002) finds that world price shocks play an important role in driving business cycles in small open developing economies. His results confirm the results of earlier work by Mendoza (1995) or Kose and Riezman (2001). A number of recent studies have analysed the relationship between terms of trade shocks and changes in GDP growth in vector auto-regression (VAR) models. Ahmed (2003) uses a VAR model to study the sources of short-term fluctuations in the output of six Latin-American countries and finds that changes in the terms of trade and foreign output play a moderate role in driving output fluctuations. Using industry-level data, di Giovanni Levchenko (2009) investigate the channels through which trade openness might affect volatility. They find a strong positive correlation between the risk content of exports and the variance of terms of trade and also found that export specialization affect macroeconomic volatility. They find that trade openness appears to lead to countries becoming more specialised in their exports. This is problematic given that openness is likely to also expose a country to a greater number of shocks. Trade openness may expose economies to external shocks, but may also act as a buffer against domestic shocks. The overall impact of openness on volatility is therefore an empirical question. Easterly, Islam and Stiglitz (2001) and Calderon et al. (2005) find that higher trade openness leads to larger growth volatility. In contrast, Kose et al. (2002) do not find that trade openness have a robust effect on GDP volatility. Most studies on economic vulnerability provide empirical evidence that small states, particularly island ones, tend to be characterised by high degrees of economic openness and export concentration. These lead to exposure to exogenous shocks, that is, economic vulnerability, which could constitute a disadvantage to economic development by magnifying the element of risk in growth processes, without necessarily compromising the overall viability. Cordina (2004) shows that increased risk can adversely affect economic growth as the negative effects of downside shocks would be commensurately larger than those of positive shocks. The high degree of fluctuations in GDP and in export earnings registered by many small states is considered as one of the manifestations of exposure to exogenous shocks. In the analysis of the linkages between trade openness and volatility, for instance, an extensive use of panel data appears. Among the most recent exercises, Kose et al. (2003); Hnatkovska and Loayza (2004); Wolf (2004); Calderon et al. (2005) use panel data to measure the external exposure of a worldwide sample of countries by the sensitivity of first and second moments of economic growth (average rate and standard deviation) to openness and financial shocks. They also allow the possibilities of non-linearities by allowing growth and volatility effects to vary with the level of economic development. On the same wake, Loayza and Raddatz (2006) apply semi-structural VAR to a panel of 90 countries with annual observations for the period 1974-2000 in order to isolate and standardise the shocks; estimate their impact on GDP and examine whether and to what extent this impact depends on the domestic conditions.4 Using this technique, as mentioned, they show that trade openness magnifies th e output impact of external shocks. Santos-Paolino (2007) too, who applies the same Panel VAR approach for a selection of SIDS from the Caribbean, emphasises the negative impact of terms of trade shocks on current account and real output volatility. Malik and Temple (2006), in their effort to explain differences in output volatility across developing countries, use instead a Bayesian method to highlight explanatory variables that are robust across a wide range of specifications. They show the pervasive role of geography in determining aggregate volatility: since remoteness is associated with a lack of export diversification, a significant phenomenon of high volatility of terms-of-trade and output of the more remote countries is apparent. This result is not sensitive to the precise regression specification, nor it is driven by the contrasting geographies of low income and high income countries. Concerning the analysis of the linkages between trade openness and economic crises, Cavallo and Frankel (2007), following closely the definition of Calvo et al. (2003), Frankel and Rose (1996) and Frankel and Wei (2004), use a Probit model to measure the probability of a sudden reduction in the magnitude of net capital inflows; exchange market pressure and output loss for a set of 141 countries for the period 1970-2002. They find evidence that trade openness makes countries less vulnerable to sudden stops and currency crises. A special feature of this work is that they address the problem of endogeneity of trade, using gravity estimates to construct an instrumental variable for trade openness based on geographical determinants of bilateral trade which are supposed to be exogenous. In a slight different exercise, Glick and Rose (1999) explain regional contagion of crises, using a binary probit equation across countries via maximum likelihood. They use cross sectional data for 161 countries in five different episodes of widespread currency instability. Their conclusion complement that of Cavallo and Frankel (2007), arguing that no matter who is the first victim of the speculative attack and what factors are behind it there is a strong evidence that currency crises tend to spread regionally because of trade linkages. It emerges from the above how current analyses remain basically ex post assessments, mainly targeted to issues not directly linked to vulnerability. An additional effort is needed to build a sound methodology to assess vulnerability to trade openness. A. Federici and P. Montalbano in a paper entitled Assessing vulnerability to trade openness: a cross-country analysis offer a substantive contribution to current debate on the effects of trade openness on developing countries vulnerability. The main result of this cross countries empirical test is to highlight a robust and significative statistical relationship between consumption volatility linked to trade openness and a positive consumption gap, i.e. the presence of negative shocks on consumption growth. This phenomenon remains covered up by simple data analyses and largely overlooked by current empirical literature on openness and growth. This paper demonstrates that situations of vulnerability to trade can co-exist with a positive trade and growth relationship. Some countries keep higher probability to be worse off in case of negative external shocks, because of endogenous characteristics (resilience) and/or the use of inadequate coping strategies (responsiveness). Empirical work on the construction of an economic vulnerability index (Briguglio, 1995; Briguglio and Galea, 2003; Farrugia, 2004) is often based on the premise that a countrys proneness to exogenous shocks stems from a number of inherent economic features, including high degrees of economic openness (measured as the ratio of international trade to GDP), export concentration (measured by the UNCTAD index of merchandise trade) and dependence on strategic imports (measured as the ratio of the imports of energy, food or industrial supplies to GDP). All vulnerability indices using these or similar variables come to the conclusion that there is a tendency for small states to be more economically vulnerable than other groups of countries. L. Briguglio, G. Cordina, N. Farrugia and S. Vella (2008) provide an explanation as to why inherently vulnerable countries may register high levels of GDP per capita. It is argued that countries may be economically successful because they are inherently not vulnerable, or because they are resilient in the face of the vulnerability they face. The obverse is also true, in that countries may be unsuccessful because they are not sufficiently resilient. The paper has also shown that GDP per capita is positively related to economic resilience and negatively related to inherent economic vulnerability. Furthermore, per capita GDP is found to be more sensitive to resilience variables than to vulnerability variables. H. Yanikkaya (2002) showed that trade liberalization does not have a simple and straightforward relationship with growth using a large number of openness measures for a cross section of over 100 developed and developing countries observed from 1970 to 1997. The regression results for numerous trade intensity ratios are mostly consistent with the existing literature. However, contrary to the conventional view on the growth effects of trade barriers, our estimation results show that trade barriers are positively and, in most specifications, significantly associated with growth, especially for developing countries and they are consistent with the findings of theoretical growth and development literature. 2.3 Conclusion Much has been said in the literature regarding trade and growth. However, the more exposed to trade a country is, the more vulnerable it is to shocks coming from abroad. But nonetheless, economists believe that trade openness promotes economic growth. These have led some observers to identify an interrelationship between openness to trade, output volatility and growth.

Interview with a Residential Advisor :: Interview Essay

As a residental advisor, Stephanie R worked in the academic setting in the last three years during her undergraduate years. For three years, her benefical experiences has been increased. The scope of problem she worked with the variety of problemic issues and developed a relationship with residents of the dorminity. Residents, residential advisors, Cooridators of Residental Education (CRE), and Graduate Assistants worked together in their dorm sites. The teamwork of dorms had to provide the workshops, advices, followed up with safety factors, and monitored their dorm sites. For residental advisors, their duties were largely responsible. The primary duty was safety for residents in their dorms. For example, using drug substances were major issue when it came to overdosed or allergic to them suddenly, it has to be involved with residental advisor for witness and incident report. Following up with residents after incidents were important. 　　　Before semester begins, they attended to training from two to four days. Most workshops provided the variety of topics that would prepare Residental Advisors handle the situations, residents, and personal incidents. For example, educational workshops were required of their projects. Another example, the guest speaker from non profit organization gave a presentation about domestic violences, destructive relationships, stalkers, and addictions. When residents experienced the domestic violence situations, they would make a report to residential advisors. Residential Advisors had to call their bosses to be involved. From morning to the late afternoons, they had activities and lunch breaks. They were covered by room and meal during their training days. 　　　The prevention programs were successfully approved by residents. When residents had their good relationships with their residential advisors on their floor, residential advisors provided the workshops. They came by and listened what their residental advisors wanted to educate and exchange the information with them. When their workshops ended, residents filled the survey forms and evaluated the presentation style. 　　　For example, self defensive workshop was effective and resourceful. In second year of the residential advisor professional, Stephanie and her co-worker required to present the educational workshop for residents. They in advanced asked the experienced and professional karate belt resident. He was engaged in the workshop that would help residents to know the basic self defensive tools. The main topic of workshop was how to protect yourself from harmful situations or people by using self defensive techniques. Before workshop started, residents signed the consent form that would not sue for injuries and understand the risks.

Finding Forrester Film Review Essay

The film Finding Forrester was an interesting, eye-catching, attention grabbing and exciting movie. The writer Mike Rich did a great job of creating the plot to be funny and fast paced. The director of the film, Gus Van neatly directed the scenes characters to make the film more entertaining. Producers Sean Connery, Laurence Mark, and Rhonda Tollefson had made a great decision on investing what they could into this film which was released on December 19, 2000. Jamal Wallace is an inner city kid who is from Bronx, New York and is an exceptionally good basketball player, and is a genius at writing. Always as a C student and not being challenged at his old school because his school sees he is capable of more than what he does, but when he scores highly on his standardized tests, Jamal comes to the attention of the prestigious prep school in New York Manhattan to further his education and play in the school basketball team. One night, Jamal and his friends decided to break into somebodyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s house and steal a letter opener, but a man comes out and frightens Jamal away. Jamal later returns to the old man’s apartment to apologize and retrieved his backpack. Jamal then returns home to find out that the old man had read and written in his journal entrà ©es. When Jamal again returned to the apartment of the old man, he soon befriends the reclusive writer, William Forrester. The friendship leads to William to overcome his reclusiveness and for Jamal to overcome the racial prejudices and pursue his true dream. Forrester helps Jamal to improve and forward his writing, but Jamal’s English teacher does not believe that Jamal is capable writing so well and assumes that Jamal has been cheating. Enraged, Jamal copies some of what Forrester had once written, but he gets caught for plagiarism. In the end Jamal gets Mr. Forester out of his old apartment into the real world to read something that Jamal had written and also to say that he had given Jamal the right to take his ideas. There were many themes displayed throughout the film such as friendship, and overcoming, struggles and obstacles and finding real friends along the way. Bothe William Forrester and Jamal Wallace find friendship in an unlikely way because of their passion for reading and writing. Although they are different form each other, they are drawn together by similar interests. In the movie Finding Forrester, William Forrester would not have been able to confront his fears or reconnect with the world if not for his friendship with Jamal. For example, at one scene at the end of the movie, In Forrester’s Will, Jamal is given a package, keys to Forrester’s apartment, and a letter. In the letter, Forrester thanks Jamal for helping him revive his desire to live. Also the package had the manuscript for Forrester’s second novel, called Sunset, for Jamal to complete onward.] There were many film techniques that the filmmaker had used throughout the movie to explain the theme of friendship and overcoming obstacles and struggles. In addition, the filmmaker used the technique of point of view which is shown in the movie when the camera was trying to make us feel what it was like to see things from the person’s eyes. The setting was in New York City specifically in the Bronx. Shot Aerial was shown when Jamal and his friends were playing basketball; the filmmaker was showing the relationship between Jamal and his friends in the Bronx. A shot, Close-up was shown when Mr. Forrester was looking through the peep hole showing how hard it was for friendship to be form. Shot, slow motion was shown when Jamal’s basketball team was entering the gym for the game. Shot, tracking was used by the filmmaker when he showed the city at the beginning. Sound, Diegetic was show when the boys were at a party and music was playing in the background. Sound, Nondiegetic was shown when Jamal was talking about the girl who heard sounds. Light, back was shown when Jamal was at Mr. Forrester house and stands next to the window. Light, Source was shown in Mr. Forrester’s house there was a lamp in the background. Motif as shown in the film when Jamal starts using the typewriter that Mr. Forrester was using before and it’s significant because on that typewriter is where Jamal learned how to become a better writer. The filmmaker was successful in my eye because he truly captured every little moment Jamal and Mr. Forrester had while on their journey to success in finding a friend and overcoming struggles they face. The film was a well-made movie with great actors. The Film Finding Forrester was a great movie for young adults like to watch because it has a strong theme of how to overcome hurdles and struggles and making new friends along the way. If it was not for William Forrester taking in Jamal Wallace as his protà ©gà ©, Jamal would not be going to a really great school which challenges him and would not become the amazing writer he has become, most importantly made such a good friend like Mr. Forrester. In the movie the filmmaker incorporated the ten film techniques to show how Mr. Forrester and Jamal worked together to help each other out in overcoming obstacles and struggles.