On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense - Essay Example Here he discusses the implication of language to our acquisition of knowledge. The second part deals with the dual nature of man, i.e. the rational and the intuitive. He establishes that neither rational nor intuitive man is ever successful in their pursuit of knowledge due to our illusion of truth. Therefore, Nietzsche concludes that all we can claim to know are interpretations of truth and not truth itself. Analysis In the first part of his work, Nietzsche asserts that: â€Å"The pride connected with knowing and sensing lies like a blinding fog over the eyes and senses of men, thus deceiving them concerning the value of existence† (Nietzsche 451-452). Here, it seems that Nietzsche is trying to reject any empirical sense of gaining knowledge. For example, I know that I am sitting on a wooden chair because I can see the chair, feel the texture of the wood, touch it, and even smell the aroma of it. But Nietzsche argues that we only perceive the surface of things, and our  "senses nowhere lead to the truth" (Nietzsche 452). This is what Nietzsche meant by using the analogy of our senses being like a â€Å"blinding fog over the eyes† and thus deceiving us on our knowledge about things. But how do we know what is true from what is false? What is truth as opposed to lies? Here, Nietzsche introduces the concept of man as a social being who creates peace among society and forms a general consensus in the process of doing so. He once more establishes his point by saying that â€Å"this peace treaty brings in its wake something which appears to be the first step toward acquiring that puzzling truth drive† (Nietzsche 452). Furthermore, he argues that â€Å"a uniformly valid and binding designation is invented for things, and this legislation of language likewise establishes the first laws of truth. For the contrast between truth and lie arises here for the first time† (Nietzsche 452-453). In other words, Nietzsche establishes his foundati on of truth as opposed to lies. Since the development of language, all its representations are, according to Nietzsche, lies. Language is a form of self-deception, which humans have created to convince themselves that the unreal is real. Indeed, Nietzsche asks, â€Å"Is language the adequate expression of all realities?† (Nietzsche 453). The emphasis here is the one to one correspondence of an object to that of its spoken word. For example, when I a rainbow, the first thing that I associate with it is color. Almost anyone would understand me if associate the word â€Å"color† to the object â€Å"rainbow†. However, consider the following scenario: what if you were never exposed to color? Since you were born into this world, you were kept inside a house that had only shades of gray. In short, what if the world you consider as real is all in black and white? Now consider that this person saw a â€Å"rainbow† outside his window for the first time, would he as sociate the term â€Å"color† with it? Would he even know what â€Å"color† means? This is the point that Nietzsche wants us to understand regarding language. I quote, â€Å"It is this way with all of us concerning language: we believe that we know something about the things themselves when we speak of trees, colors, snow, and flowers; and yet we possess nothing but metaphors for things - metaphors which correspond in no way to the original entities† (Nietzsche 454). Thus, Nietzsche concludes that â€Å"the genesis of language does not proceed logically in any case, and all the material within and with

The Economics of Labor Markets Essay Example for Free

The Economics of Labor Markets Essay That being said, any topic in the Ehrenberg and Smith book is acceptable. There are many sidebar issues that are highlighted, and very complete references and footnotes which would make an easy starting point for a paper. You could find a topic in current events. See the list at the end of this handout for examples. Submission Guidelines Your paper should be 10 to 12 pages in length, excluding exhibits, although if you come up short by a page I would prefer you NOT try to stretch it, so I will not automatically deduct points if your paper is only 9 pages. Your paper should include: 1. An â€Å"abstract†: A one paragraph summary of your topic and conclusions or key findings 2. Introduction and concise explanation of the topic. This must include some insight on why this topic is important, or who it is important to. 3. Main body of the paper: depending on the type of topic you have chosen, this would include different things such as a. An explanation of the different constituencies affected by a policy or labor economics issue b. Discussion of the labor theory that applies to this topic (i. e. discrimination models, efficiency wage model, labor/leisure model, etc. ) c. Discussion of published papers in economics that have examined this topic d. Discussion of specific data used to reach conclusions in these published papers, and how this data might compare to the population you are interested in. e. Use of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the US Census Bureau, or any other original data source f. A historical examination of similar issues in the present or past (for example, if your topic is the Post-Katrina labor market in New Orleans, look at other cities or regions hit by severe natural disasters) g. Your conclusions based on your research 4. The Conclusion or Summary 5. Reference List (You must use a minimum of six different sources for your paper, and three of these must be from academic journals. None of these can be web-only references. Use of original data counts as a source. ) 6. Your work must be properly documented in the APA system of documentation. Guidelines for this documentation style can be found in Diana Hacker’s A Writer’s Reference; online at ECN 3671 – The Economics of Labor Markets – Spring 2012 http://libguides. babson. edu/citing, and at the Babson Writing Center (Babson Hall 205) and Speech Resource Center (Horn 209). . Exhibits – feel free to embed the exhibits in the document or put them after the references. 8. Honor Code Statement – And please remember that as easy as the internet makes it to plagiarize, it also makes it very easy to catch plagiarism. There is a link to the Babson Academic Integrity Policy in the Term Paper Folder on Blackboard. Additiona l Instructions Use a 12-point font with a 1-inch margin all around. Double space lines and number all pages. All exhibits should be clearly referenced in the text, properly sequenced, and must support your analysis. Edit your document for grammar and readability. Sources ? Journal Articles found through EbscoHost or JStor or any other service Horn Library has access to. Examples of such journals are: o Journal of Labor Economics o Journal of Political Economy o Quarterly Journal of Economics o Journal of Economic Literature o Journal of Economic Perspectives o American Economic Review o Journal of International Economics o Demography o Economic Journal o Review of Economics and Statistics o Industrial and Labor Relations Review ? Books written by economists, sociologists, industrial relations experts ?

The Paradox of American Power by Joseph S. Nye

The Paradox of American Power by Joseph S. Nye INTRODUCTION In the book of Joseph S. Nye, The Paradox of American Power: Why the Worlds Only Superpower Cant Go It Alone, he shows a complete analysis of the elements contained in formulating consistent foreign policy in the post Cold War world. Nye obtains a relaistic thery for analyzing the countless forces at play. The forces which are effective on the foreign policy areas. . This permission to relevant groups, parties to talk at the same language. So, Nye everytime frames the matters for analysis and debate. Nye mentions about the obvious chaos in the foreign policy realm of the asymmetric post Cold War. He regularly, logically and permamently shows a deep insights of fact-driven context. THE AMERICAN COLOSSUS The U.S. have control on the world affiars as never seen before in the past like since Rome. Globalization became like equal with the made in US productions. But this domination will be countinue or end. Power means in the foreign relations that the capability to effect desired aftermaths and alteration the act of others to make this happen. Power in here mainly deals with the military and economic power. And power can be used effectively or ineffectively. Hard Power Military power is the most important element that can rapidly become a dominant interest as we seen in the recent events. Although nations dont accept the direct use of force, they can recruit to private proxies to hire terroist groups against foes. Nye mentions that these terrorist groups is similar to pirates which were compressed by British Navy in the 19th century. For the stabilizing military force can be used to fix the unstable relationships. For example in many Asian and European states were happy with the coming of US military forces for making stabilizate to their environment against to unstable neighbors in usable ways. Economic power has became very vital for modern states by the effects of rasing economic objectives increases. To maximize economic power, a state should obey to market rules. So, in one sense, modern nations muth dipense with sovereign economic powers to the marketsi f they dont willing to dispense with a appreciable degree of their economic durability and welfare. Despots that dont care the welfare of their citizens can reject market rules and contempt at international enforcements. Military and economic power are sortly but deftly analyzed by Nye in the hard power issue. Soft Power There are some cultural, ideological and institutional forces can be counted as soft powers. Maket o people belive that they want something but actually you want that, to coopt citizens rather than enforcing them. And that is what soft power is. Institutions, beliefs, and values can be set off by soft power. Soft power is more than only influence or conviction, its the talent to seduce and attract, whcih can cause to acceptation or imitation and can make easier to endeavors at leadership. Soft power arises from the citizens as well as from government. Govermental and popular soft power effets each others, work individually. Vanity, the idea of discrepancy from others, and a close approach to national interest are the factors that erode the soft power. Soft power arises from the citizens as well as from government. Govermental and popular soft power effets each others, work individually. Vanity, the idea of discrepancy from others, and a close approach to national interest are the factors that erode the soft power. Different contentions of soft power is analyzes by Nye. Different types of powers in different types of nations, he talks about importance of this. Soft power elements effect distinctively in modern countires than in the pre industrial despotisms states generely in the Africa and the Middle East. There are also distinctions in lately industrializing state like China and India. But, contemporary economic and social streams toward rised effect for soft power elements. In the modern world only military power cant assure the success. U.S. Leadership Simple balance of power researches break up when soft power elements are assumed. Oppositely to balance of power elements, the enormous dominance of US power is not actually driving other states to unite against it. The excitative attraction of its soft power elements and its mostly unthreatening attitude towards peaceful nations should avoid such situations if the US does not start to behave in a manner that build up widespread affright and abomination. After the world war second the nations choose to ally themselves to the US against the Soviet Union threat for instance; although the US was so powerfull at that time. That was the Soviet Union which made widespread affright and abomination. Till latelty, Iraq and Iran concerned more about each other than about the US, although both of them never like the US. Nye analyzed that dominant power can make eras of relative peace and create trade ways among the major states of the world. Nye truely is aware of the need for some dominant power which is comprehensively accepted as a headman to restrict and reconcile conflicts, stabilize world wide finance and economy, and encouraging the found to the adjustments and establishment of the institutions necessary for international governance. The U.S. is too strong to be effectively challenged, but lacks the power to alone achieve such desirable goals as nuclear nonproliferation and the minimization of global terrorism. In pursuing its foreign policy objectives, it needs cooperation and coalitions that require a complex array of compromises and accommodations. Vanity and one sidedness can undermine the effectiveness of the US power, especially the adorableness and effects of its soft power policies and leardship style, Nye says. On the other hand, US strategic restricts is comfortingly the open and pluralistic attitude where its external policy is improved decreaces uncertainty and surprise and its desire to engage in the way of international governence guaranty other states a have a say that rises the adorableness of its leadership. The role of United States in the egypt-isreali war is that took office in the temporary full followed the Lebanese civl war and tried to break out of Kissinger s step-by-step process by offering a plan for a comprehensive settlement. The Carter plan was much like the Rogers plan. It called for a gradual Israeli withdrawal to kto its 1967 boundares with only minor expceptions in exchange for recogniton, great power security guarantees, and demilitarized zones on the borders. The Palestinians gradully would receive self-determination in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an independent state,or in federation with Jordan. Neither the Araps nor the Israelis were ready for such a compromise, and Carter s own elaboratiopns on the plan gave both sides an excuse to avoid it. Carter first said that Israel should have defensible borders, the code word in the Middle East for according Israel nuch of the territory conquered in the Six-day War of 1967. Carter tried t? correct this impression by speaking later of only minor border adjustments and of a Palestinian homeland, both anathema to the Israelis. The Carter plan bogged down in confusion as the new hard line Israeli administration, headed by Menachem Begin, insisted on the right to make Jerusalem Israel s capital and plant new Jerwish settlement on the West Bank. Carter tried to recoup by bringing the Soviets back to into the Middle East negotiations. Cyrus Vance and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko worked out a joint statement on October 1,1977, that called for reconvening the Geneva conferencewithin 3 mounth. There the Arabs and Israelis would negotiate a comprehensive settlement under the auspices of the U.S, the Soviet Union, and the other powers. Immediately Carter run into a hail of criticism. Many Americans denounced the Geneva approach even though they had agreed to it under duress. Carter tries to appease his American and Israeli critcs by insisring that America had no intention of imposing a settlement and by agreeing to alter the U.S-Soviet understanding to allow the Israelis to veto the participation. Doable challenges for the United States dominance are realistically baselined and analysed. China is in compliance with listed leading as a possible resource for many challenges. On the other hand, Chinas economical and miliraty aspect involves so many existential blockes and obstacles not only for gaining achieve world power situation, but even in dislocating the United States as the dominant force in the Western Pasific and Southeast Asian regions. Dependence can be formed of culturally, politically and economically. The most easily measured one of them is economic dependence. It can be seen in branches of trade, foreign aid and direct foreign investment from the core country. Political depence is mostly about with security and foreign military asistance. This dependence relations lead to dependent foreign policies Pro-Core dependent policy; dependent states apply the foreign policies relevant with the core states prefers. Compliance is an explanation of pro-core foreign policies. Compliance is that dependent states will apply foreign policy within the context of their asymmetrical economic relationships. In this situation Core states will provide th e economic aids and perphery state will behave in the foreign policiy relevant with the core states preferences. Periphery state obeys the core states foreign policy desires for the economical supports from the core state. Under normal circumstances dependent states constent to apply to pro-core policies. Anti-core foreign policy requires counter-dependence, compensation. Compliance means that dependent state- periphery, make foreign policy decisions considering the cores wishes in order to be rewarded or not to be punished. Consensus means the elites of periphery who dominates the agenda , have the same ideas with the core country in economic or political arena. Generally, the elites of periphery had been educated in core country so they can adopt culture of the core easily. Counter-dependence means, not to cause a relationship between foreign policy and dependency. The periphery country makes foreign policy decisions without considering the wishes of the core but in the end there occur some sanctions to the periphery country such as an economic or military embargo. Compensation process is implemented by a government that does not strongly oppose economic ties with the core, but must respond to the popular unrest that such an economic relationship creates. The theory of leadership style is regarding to three critical assumptions.: reaction to political constraints, openness to information and motivation for action. On the other hand; there are two kinds of leader according to this theory on foreign policy: goal driven leader and contextually-responsive leader. Goal driven leaders make decision in light of their ideas, perceptions, belief system, passion and ideologies. They act according to their personal standards. Constraints might be an obstacle but they can ignore them. They are less likely to perceive political constraints. They are intent to perceive informations selectively from their environment. It means they take what they want to take. And goal driven leaders are motivated by an internal particular cause, an ideology or a particular set of interests. On the other side; in contrast, contextually-responsive leaders define situations according to expectations and interests of others. They pay attention to confirmation by others such as public,media, interest groups and advisers. Political constraints are important for them. They are open to all informations and they define the problems by checking what the others are advocating and doing. Their motivation for action is in light of acceptance, approval and support. In a dramatic departure in US foreign policy, president Nixon removed the long-standing hostility to communist China to support Chinas admission to the UN in 1971. He visited to China in 1972 as he called a journey for peace. Two governments agreed to broaden scientific, culturel and trade contacts. Nixon was the first president to visit China and the first to visit a nation which the US had no formal diplomatic relations. On the US foreign policy at that time; Nixon and his advisers desired to provide normalization of relations with China with the assistance of relaxation in the restrictions on travel to China and American support of the Chinese nationalist regime on Taiwan. So we can say that; by using ping pong diplomacy ,that means offering in matters to open channels, president Nixon ordered a review of American policy toward China. In briefly; the time of president Nixon is the time of starting the negotiations and cooperations with communist bloc in order to detent the international system. According to Nixon; era of confrontation was ending and the era of negotiations was beginning. In light of Nixon doctrine, that aims at rapprochement with communist bloc particularly China. The Nixons trip to China transformed the structure of international system. The visible purposes of Nixon were to remove the threat to peace and to provide stability among the major powers thanks to using strategic opportunity that derives from developing relationships with both the USSR and China. With the opening the doors to China in terms of trade, culture and travel on foreign policy such as removing embargo against China, supporting China to join into the United Nations, announcing the new policy that supports the China, supporting trade with China and allowing export etc.. , Nixons fundemental purposes were to demoralize North Vietnam and the other communist forces in Southeast Asia and to gain superiority against Soviet Union not so-called new structure for peace or law and order in streets. His plan became clearer when Henry Kissinger became national security advisor. The main purposes of Nixon doctrine was get rid of Vietnam War, to protect the US dominance in world affairs, to prevent the rising economic and political power of Eastern Europe and Japan, which have capability in order to undermine American markets and Washingtons economic policies regarding Vietnam, Middle East etc. And Nixons trip to China was the evidence of these aim. On the other side; China, the m ost revolutionary of communist states, had desire to cooperate with capitalist US in order to deter a Soviet attact. Consequently the trip by Richard Nixon to China was perceived as a great success. Because Vietnam became less obsession. It means Nixon obtained his and the Americans as a whole psychological aim. On the other hand; he attained other national aims regarding nuclear weapons in Cold War era as well. Because the SALT I Agreements 1972 were accepted by both the USSR and the US. Therefore the Anti-ballistic Misilse Treaty is a definitive long-term agreement which contributes the US security. The possibility of nuclear war has been reduced by this treaty. He was contextually-responsive leader when he made foreign-policy decisions about communist bloc and particularly China. . He took all decisions about China and socialist bloc step by step and ignored the ideological view. If he paid attention to the ideology and if the ideology prevented the rapproachement in spite of too many benefits, then we can say that yes he is goal driven. But he had all crucial points of contextually-responsive l eadership. Nixon encouraged his advisers to believe he was not only strong. It means he paid attention to his advisers opinions as all contextually-responsive leaders do as well. He tried to gain acceptance,approval and support. He had the political base on the right which protected him from the charge of being soft on communism. With the assistance of this opportunity, he gained the public support and acceptance of public on foreing policy about China and communist bloc although Nixons trip created like a bomb influence on Americans. In briefly; he was a contextually-responsive leader in this specific foreign policy issue. He took into account all informations from his environment and took decisions with his advisers. His motivation and action were determined in light of state institutions. He tried to gain general support and ignored his capitalist ideology. As Nye mentioned before, he is the first American president who tried to cooperate and rapproche with communist China. Globalization Globalization means that worldwide Networks of interdependence. National borders have became more blurred, but are stil far from irrelative. Nye states that ; Globalization has a sort of formats, however all of them too often economists write like it and the worldwide economy were unqie and the same. But other sizes of globalization have important effects on our day-to-day life. The oldest form of globalization is environmental interdependence says Nye. For instance, the first variola epidemic is recorded in Egypt in 1350 b.c. The disease showed in China in a.d. 49, Europe after 700, the Americas in 1520, and Australia in 1789.24 The plague or black death originated in Asia, but its spread killed a quarter to a third of the people in the Europe in the 14th century. Europeans carried diseases to the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries that blasted to 95 percent of the endemic in population. Since 1973, thirty previously unknown infectious diseases have emerged, and other familiar diseases have spread geographically in new drug-resistant forms. The spread of foreign species of flora nd fauna to new areas has wiped out native species, and efforts to control them may cost several hundred billion dollars a year. On the other hand, not all effects of environmental globalization are adverse. For instance, nutrition and cuisine in both Europe and Asia benefited from the importation of such New World crops as potatoes, corn, and tomatoes, and the green revolution agricultural technology of the past few decades has helped poor farmers throughout the world. Military globalization consists of networks of interdependence in which force, or the threat of force, is employed. The world wars of the twentieth century are a case in point. During the Cold War, the global strategic interdependence between the United States and the Soviet Union was acute and well recognized. Not only did it produce world-straddling alliances, but either side could have used intercontinental miss iles to destroy the other within the space of thirty minutes.Such interdependence was distinctive not because it was totally new, but because the scale and speed of the potential conflict were so enormous. Today, terrorist networks constitute a new form of military globalization. Social globalization is the spread of peoples, cultures, images, and ideas. Migration is a concrete example. In the nineteenth century, some eighty million people crossed oceans to new homes-far more than in the twentieth century.

History Of Human Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

PSYCHOLOGICAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR Psychology is the very important perspective for human nature. It is very much important for the individual environment. Psychology is very much a product of the Western tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whereas a new psychology of the year 2000 contains both the eastern as well as the Western tradition (Frey, 04/06). Psychologist self-concept attitudes. Its related to Psyche means call a persons self concepts it includes what a person perceives from the persons the integrate part of human mind motion connected to those with bodily concepts. It however reflects true relationship with the mind-body concept. ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION addresses those domains of social behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation. (Primis, 119). Major perspectives in Now, what’s the concept of psychoanalysis is also a psychology at this point includes psychoanalysis, humanism and sociobiology. Very important perspective. As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on observation that Individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and Behavior. (Frey, 04/06). It is, in addition, a method for learning about the mind, and also a theory, a way of understanding the processes of normal everyday mental functioning and the stages of normal development from infancy to old age. (psychology.com). Furthermore, since psychoanalysis seeks to explain how the human mind works, it contributes insight into whatever the human mind produces.(apa.org) Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst. Many of his insights into the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. Although others before and during his time had begun to recognize the role of unconscious mental understanding its importance. Although his ideas met with antagonism and resistance, Freud believed deeply in the value of his discoveries and rarely simplified or exaggerated them for the sake of popular acceptance. (apa.org) He saw that those who sought to change themselves or others must face realistic difficulties. But he also showed us that, while the dark and blind forces in human nature sometimes seem overwhelming, psychological understanding, by enlarging the realm of reason and responsi... ...ture. But Both Freud and Wilson said a lot about the core of the personality, no matter in what instincts they explained it. It was their ultimate goal towards the concept of interpreting the human beings focusing towards the aspects and moralities of the core effecting the human nature. Their theories helped a lot for the human society in finding the relative core of the human nature. And these theories of Psychology is still much worth regarding the personality as well as the human instinct of true self, true nature as well as their behavior. BIBILOGRAPHY:- 1. Freud Sigmund, Civilization and Its Discontents, Tr:- James Stretcher, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1985. 2. Wilson, Edward O., On Human Nature, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1998. 3. Frankl, Victor E., Mans Search For Meaning, New York, Washington Square Press, 1985. 4. Social Science, Primis, New York, Mc Graw Hill, 1998. 5. http://www.psych.nwu.edu 6. http://www.psychology.com 7. http://www.psychology.ucdavis.edu 8. http://www.psychology.net 9. http://baldwin.apa.org:88/best/index.html 10. http://www.apa.org 11. http://www.runet.edu/~lridener/courses/SOCBIO.HTML

Frederick Douglass Paper Essay

For this year’s I.P., I picked Frederick Douglass to be my topic. The reason I picked him was because he was a great man and a well known abolitionist figure. He dedicated his life to opposing slavery. I have always admired Douglass since my first grade teacher told my class about him. Once I researched a little about him, mainly the time period of his life, I realized he was a perfect choice for my I.P. topic. He interested me and I could easily get plenty of information on him. I knew that all the information I needed was out there, I just needed to go out and find it. I went to my local library and checked out books on my topic. Remember, it’s about quality, not quantity, and that’s not an excuse for underachieving. I checked out three or four really effective books, a few that could be categorized as multigenre themselves. They contained both primary and secondary documents. Secondly, I researched him on the internet; and I don’t mean googling â€Å"Frederick Douglass.† I searched specific things like â€Å"Frederick Douglass as a slave† and â€Å"Frederick Douglass’ escape.† This allowed me to narrow the â€Å"millions† of results one always gets when using Google. I received plenty of good websites that I could use that summarized his whole life. I picked multigenre as my presentation category and its obvious why. Frederick Douglass’ life was a multigenre in a sense. He wrote letters and poems and narratives all about his life and slavery. He personified slavery and did all he could to abolish it. A multigenre would best represent Douglass and his life. In order to make my multigenre effective in â€Å"moving† the reader, I had to look at one of the examples Mrs. Jackson provided me with. Using that as a template, I wrote poems and short stories appropriate to the time period that related to the idea of the wrongness of slavery and Douglass. I found pictures that illustrated Douglass’ ideas, as well as drew a few of my own. I tried to picture myself as a slave that hated the way I was treated to add  that emotional feel to all my writings. My project definitely relates to the theme, important people in history, because Frederick Douglass was an important individual in history. He was one of the more famous abolitionists and publically expressed his views on slavery. His words and writings were more effective than some because he was once a slave and could back up his sayings. Without some of the things Douglass did, I don’t believe slavery would have ended when it did. America remembers him for his inspirational story, a slave who became free to help others become free. Annotated Bibliography â€Å"A FREEDOM WAR; Frederick Douglass and the Second American Revolution.(Opinion).† The Post-Standard [new york city] 22 Feb. 2012: 1. Print. [I used this as an inspiration for one of my poems in the multigenre] â€Å"Critical Points in Frederick Douglass’ Life; Confronted Lincoln on Issue of Slavery.† The Washington Times [Washington D.C.] 25 Feb. 2006: 2-3. Print. [I used this and made a replica of it and put it in the multigenre] Douglass, Frederick, and Philip Sheldon Foner. The life and writings of Frederick Douglass. New York: International Publishers, 1950. Print. [I used this primary source to realize what and how Frederick Douglass wrote] Douglass, Frederick, and Barbara Ritchie. Life and times of Frederick Douglass. New York: Crowell, 1966. Print. [This is both a primary and secondary source that shows how Douglass viewed his life and how another person, Barbara Ritchie, viewed his life and achievements] Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Library, 1996. Print. [I read through parts of this as research to get a first hand view of his life. This is a primary source] PBS. â€Å"Frederick Douglass.† PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . [I watched this documentary and used the information to back up my research and make my ideas of Douglass concrete] Root, Damon W.. â€Å"‘A glorious liberty document’: Frederick Douglass’ case for an anti-slavery Constitution.(Frederick Douglass and the Fourth of July)(Book review).† Reason 1 Oct. 2006: 24-26. Print. [The author of this book expressed his view on Douglass’ anti slavery acts and this really inspired me to write a personified story of slavery] â€Å"The Frederick Douglass Papers Edition: Home.† IUPUI : Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. IU Schools of Liberal Arts, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . [I used the timeline at this website to summarize Douglass’ life and give myself a simplified view of his life] â€Å"Welcome to the Frederick Douglass Foundation.† Welcome to the Frederick Douglass Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . [This foundation really provided me with a good biography of Douglass and compared him to other anti-slavery activists like Lincoln and MLK] Turley, David. Slavery. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Print. [This book gets into great detail of the what a slave would experience and what a slave owner would experience which really helped me with my multigenre] Douglass, Frederick. My escape from slavery. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Library, 1996. Print. [This story was basically a multigenre by Douglass that helped me write a few works on slavery in my multigenre].† Vernellia, Randall. â€Å"No Struggle No Progress.† autoredirect to main site. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. [This website had a poem that I used in my multigenre. It was a primary source]

Maternal child Essays

Maternal child Essays Maternal child Essay Maternal child Essay Problems with psyche Perceived threat of pain, fear, nonsupport, body responds to stress via fight or flight Shoulder dissociate and what is role as a nurse? Shoulder dissociate is head is born and retracts against the perineum (like a turtle) Intervention is required to prevent cord compression: Micrometers maneuver: Women flexes her thighs against abdomen Supersonic pressure: Done by an assistant to push fetal shoulder downward to displace it from the mothers pubis symposia Assessment: After delivery palpate infants clavicles, assess for fracture, assess to identify creepiest or deformity, if present, follow-up is required What is the position that is most uncomfortable and prolongs labor? Cockpit posterior or transverse position (delays decent) What pelvis shape is best for vaginal delivery? Confide pelvis pelvis is round and cylinder-shaped, has a wide pubic arch, rigorous for vaginal birth is GOOD Know what is preterm labor and your actions if a pregnant woman complains of low back pain that is intermittent Preterm labor defined: after 20th week, before 37th week Risk to mother hemorrhage and infection** Low back pain that is intermittent could be an indicator of preterm labor and needs to be assessed by bob/gym Adequate hydration is important when uterine activity occurs before pregnancy is at term Teach: Any activity by mother can increase recurrence of contractions** What medications are used for stopping preterm labor? Magnesium sulfate IV, then oral Attributable Assessment Fetal Heart Rate, maternal pulse, maternal blood pressure Magma sulfate is a CNN depressant and smooth muscle relaxant can be used short and long term Attributable is a bronchiolar and smooth muscle relaxant only used for short term Know about Mothering: actions and when it should not be used Exotic drug Produced uterine contractions, increases BP, should not be given in Clamps** Loopholes maneuver: Why is it done? Determines the presentation and position of the fetus and to aid in locating fetal heart tones. Less likely to yield information if the woman has a thick abdomen fat pad, excessive amniotic fluid, or a very preterm fetus After delivery and unable to find uterus, what is your action? If uterus is found above expected level or shifted from the midlines the bladder may be distended (have mom void) recheck after voided If funds is difficult to locate or is soft and boggy, the nurse should stimulate the uterine muscle to contract by gently massaging massage until firm Hemorrhage is a potential complication of labor and delivery, what are the s/s for a postpartum mom? Funds is difficult to locate, funds is soft and boggy, saturation of one pad per 15 minutes, severe perinea or rectal pain, tachycardia, excessive clots expelled What is atone? Absence or lack of usual muscle tone that results in failure of the uterine muscle fibers to contract firmly around blood vessels when the placenta separates. This prevents the relaxed muscle to stop rapid bleeding which can cause hemorrhaging. With fast deliveries, what trauma may occur? Fast deliveries occur within three hours within onset of labor Abruptly placenta, teal encomium, postpartum hemorrhage, and low PAPPAS may occur from rapid delivery** If the mom you are caring for has a firm funds, but you note a steady trickle of blood, what is happening? A continuous trickling of blood can lead to significant blood loss that can become life threatening; it is often a sign of early postpartum hemorrhage What are the s/s of hypoglycemic shock? Increased pulse rate, falling BP, increase respiratory rate Weak, diminished, or threads peripheral pulses Cool, moist skin, pallor, or occasions (late sign) Decreased urinary output (

Social and ethical responsibilities of management in business environment

Social and ethical responsibilities of management in business environment Abstract Managers in the day-to-day running of affairs in business environment are normally faced with different challenges that vary in nature. It is of great importance that their action or decision be favorable to both the company and the society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Social and ethical responsibilities of management in business environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this manner, the company improves its prospects in capturing new market segments, and the society will have confidence in the company. In essence, social and ethical practices may not be profitable or beneficial to the company in the short run, but will have lasting effects in the long run (Averch Johnson, 1990). Discussion Managers pursue multiple objectives and multiple sets of priorities. They need to make choices from these goals after careful considerations. Therefore, the choices they make affect the ability of employee s, customers, suppliers, stockholders and anyone else with interests in the organization. So often managers have to decide who has the right to what and when. No matter what they do, the actions are either of benefit or of detriment to people. Ethics as applied to management refers to the concept of interactive responsibility; it deals with what is good or bad, or what is right or wrong (Drucker, 1990). It can also be described as the study of how our decisions affect other people or as the study of people’s rights and duties and the rules that people apply in making decisions. In business, we cannot avoid ethical issues just like in other areas of our lives. In business, most ethical issues will be categorized in these four levels: Social level, which deals with the basic institutions in society, like the role of the government in the market place. Stakeholders’ level, which deals with employees, suppliers, customers in the way company’s decision affects them. Internal policy level, essentially deals with the nature of company’s relationship with its employees and managers. Personal level, that involves the ground rules of individuals, companies and social behavior.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The laws of the country prohibit any acts that are sufficiently hurtful to others and therefore laws offer guides to ethical behavior. Nevertheless, distinction must be made between what is illegal and what is unethical. Not everything that is unethical is illegal. For example, the law has limits regarding honesty. If one picks a lost item and keeps it, he probably has not done anything illegal but his act is unethical. If a clerk steals from his company in order to feed the poor, he has done an illegal thing but for ethical reasons. Decisions of ethics are quite difficult but all managers need to know is that ethic s goes beyond the minimum requirements by law and by market economy (Buckley Casson, 1976). There are very many unethical things that can be done in business and yet there is no law against them! Business ethics also called managerial ethics is the application of ethical principles to business relationships and activities. Managers who run business are human beings who despite the laws set cannot behave the same regardless of the circumstances. Managers face many ethical dilemmas (two or more situations) where both seem right but at the same time, conflicting. Talking to the manager one of the major pharmaceutical company about managerial ethics, he said that managerial ethics normally apply in the following areas: relationship of the firm to the employees in terms of how they are to be treated and how they are paid. Secondly is the relationship of the employee to the firm in terms of how employees should behave in the firm. Thirdly is the relationship of the firm to the environmen t, where ethical issues arise in how the firm relates to the various elements of the environment e.g. customers, competitors, stockholders dealers and the community. Many industries and organizations companies have formal, written codes of ethics that provide specific guideline for managers and other employees. However, the question is whether when individuals violate the code of conduct, the organization enforces it (Demsetz, 1979) Many companies in an attempt to manage ethics have developed specific codes of ethics. These establish guidelines for ethical decision making in business. Areas covered may be truthfulness in advertising, improper use of company assets political contributions, payments in connection with business transactions, conflict of interest, trade secrets etc.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Social and ethical responsibilities of management in business environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are advantages for organizations to form industry associations to develop and promote improved codes of ethics. It is difficult for a single firm to pioneer ethical practices if its competitors undercut them by taking advantage of unethical shortcuts. If ethics are to be improved, it is very important for top executives to support and emphasize ethical behavior by adhering to ethic themselves and train their staff in ethics. The tools of ethics include ethical language, which normally refers to values, rights, duties and rules. I questioned one of the workers of an investment company concerning this tool as a way of improving work relationship and he responded by saying that values are permanent desires that seem to be good. He also added that rights entitled a person to do something. On the other hand, since duty is an obligation that takes specific steps, in general, all the traits combined improve work relationships as well as productivity. Common morality as a tool is the body of rules covering ordinary ethical problems, which essentially are the rules that we live by most of the time. During this century, there has been much change in what society expects of its institutions and in what managers’ regard as the proper roles in organization. This change has gradually developed into a new concept of corporate social responsibility. Increasingly many managers are adopting the view that besides the obligations they have to their organizations, they have a personal responsibility to the society. Managers are increasingly being held accountable for the social effects of their actions. The questions however remain of where such social responsibility begins and where it ends (Trevino Nelson, 2007). The issue of corporate social responsibility has been debated for many years but it has never been clearly defined. However, from the various arguments raised, certain things can be said about social responsibility. One of them is that it deals with c orporate conduct in respect to the broader societal values. The other fact is that it questions the responsibilities of business to the entire society. Despite the lack of an accepted theory of corporate social responsibility, it is obvious that CSR draws on the fields of ethics and morals, which are basic to most cultures.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words corporate social responsibility may refer to the moral and ethical content of managerial and corporate decisions, that is to mean the values used in business decision making over and above the requirement of the law and market economy (Stephen, Dirk, Daniel, 2007). Closely related to social responsibility is the concept of social responsiveness, which simply means the ability of a corporation to relate its operations and policies to the social environment in ways that are mutually beneficial to the economy and the society. The difference between social responsibility and social responsiveness is that the latter implies actions and the ‘how’ of enterprise responses. Business organizations do not operate in a vacuum but have to interact constantly with society. A business organization is a part of society. It interacts at a primary level with groups such as employees, distributors, consumers, stockholders, banks, suppliers and competitors. At a secondary l evel, it interacts with such institutions as governments, local communities, media social pressure groups, business support groups and the public. With all these interactions, business cannot afford to go on with their businesses without responding to issues affecting these groups. Some people argue that there is no such thing as corporate social responsibility (Adams, 1965). Others argue that CSR must and will eventually result in long run profits, while others feel that modern organizations must undertake social responsibility regardless of the profit. Whatever the argument are, the question of accountability arises! Two areas of corporate accountability exist: Conventionally which shows that management is professionally responsible to the board of directors while the directors run the corporation for the shareholders who are the providers of capital to their corporation. It is logical that the shareholders expect a fair financial return for their investment. Although through sepa ration of ownership and control shareholders do not run the company, thus by implication therefore management has the responsibility to ensure that the shareholders receive an adequate return. Broadly and more modern view, corporations should be accountable to employees, customers, suppliers and the state. In short, corporations should respond to forces external to it but should be those that are of value to it. It is from these external forces that the corporation draws its existence. How then can it operate without of them? CSR involves decisions – the corporation world is decision oriented and corporations have an impact on society through these decisions. CSR therefore raises the question of rightfulness of decisions and further of which decisions are more right. So social responsibility goes beyond short run profitability, merely meeting minimum legal and market directives do not constitute social responsibility. CSR is very subjective in nature and is influenced by the economic and social system within which it operates (Arrow, 1951). From an interview with a branch manager in one of the banks, he said benefits from social responsibility do not directly accrue to the firm making the expenditure on social responsibility. CSR is hence a system holding that the corporation should respond to the moral and ethical values of society within which it is licensed and which it serves. A given corporation will draw from and shape the values of the society from which it draws its existence. CSR tries to fuse social values with profit maximization goals. Many organizations have thus been evaluating the benefits and problems that are associated with corporate social responsibility, some business organization argue for and others against. Those supporting say that since businesses create some problem they should solve them as well as the fact that organizations owe society for supply of resources. Those arguing against say that social responsibility gives corpor ations too much power, and that it will decrease profits thus contradicting the real reason for firms’ existence. According to the research, there are different areas of social responsibility that an organization can exercise. Such undertakings include non-business related activities such as giving donations, being involved in preservation of the environment (ecology) and ensuring environmental quality. These included things like noise control and aesthetic improvement, consumerism like control of harmful products, community needs like improvement of health care and education, government relations like restriction on lobbying and internal relations, labor relations like expansion of employee rights, and stockholder relations like full financial disclosures. Companies often are in a position to do most of this things but the challenge to most corporations is the absence of immediate benefit. Study has also shown that there is a certain pattern of response to social demands, he nce organizations can respond to social demands in three strategic approaches. The first one is adoptive strategy; this involves changing only when you are forced to do so by the society. This is, complying with the law. The law gives business a general guideline of what is expected by a society. Legal compliance is the minimum that is expected by a society. Organizations that use this strategy adopt or react to the environment only when there is strong outside pressure. For example, producers of body perfumes have to be ozone friendly. The second one is pro-active strategy; this involves an attempt at shaping the environment. The company using this strategy tries to manipulate the environment in ways that will be to their advantage. The steps they take may or may not be to the interest of the society in the long run, e.g. paying off politicians to avoid scrutiny. The final one is interactive strategy, when a company is able to anticipate environmental changes and blend its own goal s with those of the society, then it is said to have taken an interactive strategy. This involves reducing the gap between public expectations and business performance. This calls for knowhow and skills on how to manage the company’s social relations with external forces, which may affect the company. The firm tries to interact with the surrounding social environment in ways that will be mutually beneficial. Conclusion In conclusion, an ethical principle is a modern concept that provides businesses and organizations with corporate priorities. They are of significant influence to the way the organizations operate and especially its survival in the near future. Customers are increasingly showing interest in doing business with those organizations that demonstrate responsibility and ethical practices. Those organizations that fail to achieve this suffer the consequences in many different ways, either by lose of market share, which will reduce revenues and in the long run, may pu t organization out of business. One of the senior managers of the bank I interviewed suggested that the modern business world needed to incorporate the four Ps in their ethical management and leadership. They include purpose, people, planet and principles. These represent the four things required for success in any modern business venture. In practice, this model represents the personality of a good ethical organization, manager or leader. Therefore, ethics and ethical decisions are of utmost importance in running of any organization, business ethics is what separates the successful giants and losers in the modern corporate world and the decision a company takes in ethical matters can be binding for or against the company. References Adams, J. (1965). Inequality in Social Exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2(1), 267. Arrow, K.J. (1951). Social Choice and Individual Values. New York, NY: John Wiley. Averch, H., Johnson, L.L. (1990). Behavior of the firm under regu latory constraint. American Economic Review, 52, 1052-1066. Buckley, P.J., Casson, M. (1976). The Future of Multinational Enterprise. London: Macmillan. Demsetz, H. (1979). Ethics and Efficiency in Property Rights Systems. Lexington: Lexington Books. Drucker, P.F. (1990). Ethics in Management. The Practice of Management, 124-125. Stephen, G., Dirk, D.S., Daniel, S. (2007). Managing social and ethical issues in organizations. New York, NY: IAP. Trevino, L., Nelson, K.W. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. New York, NY: Hoboken.